Decolonize and Indigenize When you Fly HI
Is ethical-tourism in Hawaiʻi an oxymoron?
Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono
“The sovereignty of the Hawaiian kingdom is perpetuated in just action (righteousness).”
Kamehameha III proclaimed this famous saying after England returned political power to The Hawaiian Monarchy on November 28, 1843. It is celebrated every November 28 as Lā Kūʻokoʻa (Independence Day). This quote became an emblem on the Hawaiian monarchy’s royal crest. After the 1893 U.S overthrow this saying was taken for the Stateʻs motto.
The Ethnographic Map of Hawaiʻi
The 10.5 million tourists that visit Hawaiʻi per year swallow the 1.5 million island residents (Sharma, 228). Considering all the Hawaiian families who must move away to survive, it is a privilege to have grown up in Hawaiʻi. Hawaiʻi remains a majority space of color with Asian settlers/locals owning the most capital, replacing the initial haole oligarchy that overthrew the monarchy in 1893. According to the 2022 Census Hawaiʻi is populated by 37.1% Asian, 25.2%, Caucasian 11%, Hispanic/Latino, 3.5 % Black, and 0.4% Native American (U.S Census Bureau QuickFacts, 2022). Despite Kanaka Māoli (Native Hawaiians) making up only 10.3% of Hawaiʻiʻs population, they represent over half of the prison and unhoused population (135,Sharma). There are more than six thousand unhoused people in Hawaiʻi (National National Alliance to End Homelessness 2023) “The analysis of 2020 census data determined that 76,622 homes were vacant in the Islands.”(MEIERDIERCKS 2022) According to Hawaiʻi Appleseed Center for Law & Economic Justice, 2017 report 1 in 24 home units in Hawaiʻi are vacation rentals. (Nagaoga, 2023).
There are more Kanaka Māoli living in the continental U.S compared to their homeland (Magbual 2022). Governor Greenʻs 2022 emergency housing proclamation bypasses environmental mandates; even though Hawaiʻi is still in a water crisis, Greenʻs plan calls for 50,000 housing units needed to satiate the Stateʻs housing deficit (Greene, 2023).
Initial contact with Colonizers resulted in seven different pandemics which eradicated 90% of Kanaka Māoli (Sharma 2021).
King Kalakaua in 1880 traveled to Japan, China and India inviting workers to assist in his nationʻs economy and be part of Hawaiiʻs people. When the haole plantation owners had a shortage of labor workers in 1891 many migrant workers from China, Japan, Okinawa, Philippines, Korea, Mexico, India, Puerto Rico, Spain, Ireland and Portugal were trafficked to work in the sugar and pineapple plantations (2018,Puette). Migrant plantation workers were coerced into abusive work contracts that enforced racist economic work structures where people with the closest proximity to whiteness were considered the Luna (bosses) and worker income was racialized to keep ethnic groups from unifying. Labor activism persisted and protests developed, solidifying a common language among the makaʻāinana (people of the land) known as Pidgin.
Pidgin is recognized by the State of Hawaii as an official State language along with ʻŌlelo Hawaii (Hawaiian language). Your proximity to Pidgin informs your positionality in Hawaiʻiʻs social hierarchy; the currency being “localness”. Hawaii has a 1:2 ratio of interracial, panracial and interethnic families. Since 98% of Kanaka Māoli are hapa haole (of mixed ancestries), applying a racial framework to Kanaka Māoli can have the consequence of erasing and denying the political rights of indigeneity. Even though I inherit 10 different ethnicities, I identify closest to being Kanaka Māoli. I grew up surrounded by, and practicing Hawaiian culture. Hawaiʻi is home to over seven generations of ancestors from diasporic migration, settlers, colonizing people, and Kanaka Maoli lienages. Engaging with and perpetuating Hawaiian language, culture and values creates a sense of belonging in Hawaiʻi. A unifying mana (Strength/power) that is woven into each of our own identities.
In dismantling the binaries of White/Black, local/non-local, native/settler, it is necessary to examine the historical context of Hawaii.
Hawaiʻi united politically between 1795-1810 by King Kamehameha, who established the internationally recognized Hawaiian Monarchy, a sovereign nation-state. As a nation, Hawaii exercised international trades and treaties, and established delegations across the globe. In the 1852 Hawaiian Kingdom constitution outlawed slavery and decreed that any slave that arrived in Hawaiʻi would be emancipated; this was 20 years before the U.S Civil War. “Involuntary servitude is forever prohibited in this Kingdom '' (79, Sharma). Betsy Stockton was the First Black Woman recorded in Hawaiʻi in 1823, a hundred years before the illegal annexation by the U.S. She learned ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian language) and started a school for Kanaka Māoli. Blackness was seen as a symbol of strength and connection to King Kamehamehaʻs royal lineage. There were Black officials in the Hawaiian Monarchy that served as advisors to the King such as Anthony Allen (100, Sharma). Historically Hawaii has centuries old relationships with diasporic people who have been stolen from their homelands or forced to escape other imperialist forces.
In 1887, King Kalakaua was held at gunpoint by wealthy plantation owners, descendants of missionaries, and under duress The King was forced to sign the infamous Bayonet Constitution. The Bayonet Constitution stripped Kanaka of rights, specifically of their right to vote if they did not own land and gave a new cabinet of power to the plantation owners known as the Big 5 and later the “Committee of Safety. After Kalakaua died “mysteriously” in San Francisco his sister the predecessor Queen Liliʻuokalani listened to her people who implored her to change the Bayonet Constitution which disenfranchised Kanaka Māoli (Dougherty, 2000).
Overthrow
In 1893, U.S Plantation Ownerʻs conspired with the U.S military navy in a militant coup that forcibly overthrew The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Queen Liliʻuokalani was imprisoned in her room in the top corner of her palace, the ʻIʻolani palace. Petitions Against Annexation was signed by 21,269 Kanaka Māoli out of the 39,000 in the 1897 census (Schamel, 1999). President Cleveland takes accountability in a letter to U.S congress that “Hawaiʻi was taken without consent or compensation,” but Congress refused to reinstate power to Queen Liliʻuokalani who had believed as a Christian herself that their shared faith would evoke moral obligation. In 1898, President Mckinley annexed Hawaii in the infamous ‘joint resolution’ which lacked the consent “resolution” from the “joint party” The Queen herself. The Hawaiian Kingdomʻs land and the Monarchʻs personal land were ‘ceded’. Stolen lands were prime lands; educational systems, export/import harbors, the Island of Kahoʻolawe (taken for bomb practice), and agricultural lands. Lands that really supported the function of a people. The state of Hawaiʻi currently makes 394.3 Million off revenue from these ceded lands annually(ceded-lands, 2023).
Occupation
A republic followed the illegal overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom as the U.S military grew with the arms race for WWII. In 1896, the provisional government banned Hawaiian Language in schools and social spaces, lasting for four generations. After almost a century of being a military republic, Hawaii was voted as the 51st state in 1959. Not until the 1970ʻs when there was finally a cultural renaissance and a call for self-determination, did land-reclamations begin and Native sovereignty was again a topic of conversation. ʻŌlelo Hawaii and culture was reintroduced into schools like Hawaiian Charter Schools and Immersion Schools.
Navigating systems of power
From Missionary influence, Colonial land grabs, Military occupation, and now to the majority Asian settler colonial state; itʻs important to break down Hawaiiʻs History to understand the local culture/dynamics and indigenous resistance persisting. This all begs the question,how can you take responsibility, and sit in the discomfort, that your trip to Hawaii creates foreseeable harm? If you are coming to “work” in Hawaii, does securing the bag negate your environmental impact? Does the intersection of your marginalized identities, and experienced commonalities with generational oppression from white supremacy neutralize these responsibilities? These questions encourage necessary self and community dialogs that can inspire positive social changes.
There are strong Indigenous activist communities in Hawaii whose roots are informed and inspired much from The Black liberation Movements. The BIPOC communities in Hawaii have adopted the presence of Black ideologies and culture like; Rastafarniasm, reggae and hip-hop (Sharma 198).
In Kanaka Māoli culture, power was delegated through genealogy, family practice, geographic location, and ancestry kinship instead of blood quantum or the “one drop rule”. Highlighting all identity claims that communicate one's genealogical ties/accountability to the land based on genealogy “Asking to express rather than hide uneven histories of enslavement, genocide, exploitation, and colonization” (Sharma 200). Locals of Hawaiʻi defer to Kanaka Māoli kingship practices of hyperdescent versus the white framing of hypodescent A.K.A “the one drop rule”. Detracting from the U.Sʻs Black/White binary of race and blood quantums, Hawaii has adopted Kanaka Māoli kinship practices of relating and belonging.
Hawaiʻi is ethnically diverse, a multicultural place where BIPOC can find liberation from white dominant spaces. In her book Hawaiʻi is my Haven, Dr. Sharma studies the ethnography of Hawaiʻi specifically analyzing how Black locals, and Black transplants who moved to the Islands from North America, or Africa and Caribbean Islands coming to a nonwhite demographic; experience the local cultureʻs adversity to whiteness and how simultaneously there is anti-black racism. There is a form of “lighthearted” banter between ethnic groups which facilitates relationality; resilience with humor. However, the absence of whiteness does not make the multi-ethnic community in Hawaii exempt from anti-black racism. The “humorous” epithetʻs between ethnicities risks carrying anti-black racism, if there is no education on Black History and experiences. Structural and social anti-black racism persists because Hawaii exists from settler colonial survival. Affecting other groups such as the Micronesian community. “Between 1946 and 1958, the United States detonated 67 nuclear bombs' ' On Marshall Island Atolls (2019, Rust) displacing thousands of Micronesians from radiation and forcing rehoming in Hawaii. In Lawrenceʻs paper Local Kine Implicit Bias: Unconscious Racism Revisited he studies how the lack of reparations from Kingdom stolen lands and The State of Hawaiiʻs lack of resources has fueled anti-micronesian racist violence so much so that “Hawaii resident Sha Ongelungel created “a thread of shame” to document it (Lawrence, 2015). Unpacking our internalized/indoctrinated/colonized beliefs and taking responsibility to educate (not conflate or center) oneself on different experiences and racial impacts is solidarity. The threat of racist criminalization of BIPOC people in Hawaii persists; like in 2011 when an off-duty White US agent fatally shot Kollin Elderts, a Filipino Hawaiian boy inside the Mcdonnels of Waikīkī. Solidarity in learning eachotherʻs history is the Ēa (liberation work, sovereignty) for our own autonomy.
Militarization
Despite the petition of more than half the Kanaka Maoli on the 1897 Hawaiʻi census, Hawaii was annexed with the help of the U.S Military. Americanizing Hawaii with corporal enforcement of patriotic/english only curriculum in State Schools. The ʻŌlelo Hawaii (Hawaiian language) ban would not be lifted until my fatherʻs generation when only 2,000 native speakers remained (Hiraishi, 2022).
Cases of racism in Hawaiʻi grew into common discord with cases that would shape socio-cultural relationships between locals and haole (foreigners). Like the 1930 Massie case, when Navy wife Mrs. Massie is beaten and raped by “three Hawaiian/asian men” despite the men in question having solid alibis. The second trial resulted in one of the accused Joseph Kahahawai to be kidnapped and fatally tortured; found in the back of Mr. Massieʻs (car) naked, tied up, bludgeoned and shot. Despite having eyewitnesses of the kidnapping, all five people were convicted of manslaughter instead of murder, and spent a whopping one hour with territorial Governor Lawrence McCully Juddʻs office at the ʻIolani Palace (Rosa, 2014). This has contributed and informed much of the racial lens today between local, hale, and military transplants. There are eleven military bases on my island alone with men outnumbering the island's female population. After the illegal annexation and militarization of Hawaii, many Black locals interviewed in Dr.Sharmaʻs study felt the need to outperform being local so as to not be conflated with being in the military (Sharma, 86).
Financial stability and social status are a few of the reasons many BIPOC like my grandpa and uncles joined the military. In 2013, The Honolulu Police Department HPD had the most minorities 87% in the line of duty than any other state (Sharma, 209). Having more BIPOC in positions of power calls for the capability for “shared relations” to deescalate encounters. There is a “colonized-colonizer paradox” when BIPOC are bound by financial choice to be an active participant in the imperialism of the pacific (Sharma, 313).
The 50 year bombing of Kahoʻolawe and Makaha, in order for “training grounds” to mimic raging war in Asia has subjected Kanaka Māoli to cultural land desecrations, dispossession of their homeland, displacement and homelessness. Being the U.S military's Pacific beacon of power comes with the ominous threat of Hawaiʻi being used as a political target like in Pearl Harbor and like the 2018 harrowing missile threat during Trumpʻs presidency.
“The Navy reported a 1,300-gallon leak of concentrated fire suppressant foam at Red Hill in November 2022”(Navy Times 2023). The oil fuel tanks on Kapūkakī (Red Hill military site) are only 100 feet above ʻOahuʻs water natural supply to the islands aquifer. The petroleum oil fuel has been leaking into this vital water source that people bath and drink in since WWII II. The military was forced by U.S feds in 1994 to tell the public that the fuel tanks even existed. The metal tanks stayed rusted and deteriorating leaked each year into the aquifer, first slowly poisoning the military residents. This prompted The Navyʻs request in 2022 for additional rations from the Hawaii State board of water supply. Resulting in a 20% decrease for people living in Hawaii but not tourists visiting. In response to rationing, people of Maui were fined 500 dollars for using water outside their ration (Sharma, 150). Can you imagine bathing and drinking in water contaminated with rusted fuel tank oil for months? It was reported from Lāhaina firefighters responding to this yearʻs apocalyptic wildfires in West Maui that they “ran out of water” while fighting the flames forcing them to flee while hundreds perished. “You can’t fight fire when you don’t have water,” (Bogel-Burroughs, 2023)
Extractive Tourism
Over Tourism is a phenomenon of overcrowding that leads to environmentally degraded place, land, artificially inflated property values, and food-costs. Leading to Extractive tourism a term coined by Vijay Koliinjiivadi in response to the 2020 pandemic inequality where privileged to middle class vaccinated tourists sought relief through cheap mass tourism. In July 2022, a study reported that 35,000 tourists come to Hawaii each and every single day(McDonagh, 2022). What started as pillaging of bones to museums and “worldly” private collections in Plantation times is now Hotel resorts dynamating burial and sacred lands. In a planning for sustainable tourism 2003 report the DLNR Department of Land and Natural Resources stated that activities such as “Kayaking, Jet skis, Scuba or group snorkeling; Kiteboarding; Windsurfing tours Golf Courses.. “ all pose a serious harm to Hawaiʻiʻs environment (John M. Knox 2003).
When Tourism was shut down in the 2020 pandemic, “the fish came back in a matter of months” (McDonagh 2022). Kanaka Maoli are The Kiaʻi (protectors) of Hawai'i, with traditions and history passed down through ʻoli (chant) and Hula (dance), translating a symbiotic relationship to ʻāina (land) and people with entwined cosmogonic genealogies. Hawaiʻi is in the hands of The Board of Tourism authority who does not consider Her as family but a cash cow to use up. Since Colonization there has been a growing manifestation of anti-haole and anti-military sentiment amongst locals and Kanaka Māoli that is directly related to the historic relationships to land theft, natural resource extraction, and abuse of natural resources with Over Tourism. Rising tensions between locals and transplants/tourists is especially magnified when visitors are uninformed/ignorant of Hawaiʻiʻs History and how to malama (take care) of the ʻāina (land). The failure of the Board of Tourism to create a sustainable living environment with boundaries to visitors has created deep wounds with the local communities. What businesses remained after massive shutdowns in the wake of 2020ʻs pandemic, now experience greater waiting times typically 90 minutes or more for walk in and reservations are required and booked out months in advance.
Environmental Justice
Kanaka Māoliʻs oral traditions of song and dance is a historical oral record of life such as the Kumulipo chant which records the beginning of time. Of the 2102 lines within, each birth a new plant, creature or human to time and space. This ancient chant describes multitudes of Kanaka Māoil geneological link to ʻāina an the cosmos. Protecting Mauna Kea from further desecration (30 meter telescope) on our sacred land is like the same instinct people have of protecting loved ones from being used without consent.
Stop the diversion of natural water which puts lands at risk to wildfires. Saving precious ecosystems that are endangered from over tourism. Stop monocropping unsustainable foods such as coffee, sugar and pineapple. Decolonize agriculture and go back to Indigenous customs which work with the lands natural regeneration.
Two endemic honeycreeper birds only found in Hawaii face extinction in the next two decades among many other endemic and indigenous plants and animals. Hawaii has 435 endangered plants and animal species (Eller, 2023). Global warming has given non-native invasive species like the mosquito access to higher elevations devastating native species with vectors of diseases.(Eller, 2023) Honeycreepers birds are vital to Hawaiiʻs retaining of water by pollinating the native plants that feed the aquifer. These creatures only found in Hawaii were once 50 species strong, now only 17 remain, 12 of those are critically endangered #birdsnotmosquitoes (communication & publishing, 2022). It's on all of us to fight for Hawaiʻi, opening up conversation, reducing the harm and working to stand in solidarity with Kanaka Māoli and makaʻāinana (people/eyes of the land) needs. Indigenous communities protect 80% of the world's biodiversity, despite accounting for 3% of worldʻs population. (Green Graph Figure in Blog).
As a visitor it is impossible not to line the pockets of exploitative tourist corporations…but we can fight the complicity and volunteer our time and/or capital power to organizations that protect Hawaiiʻs precious natural resources. Hawaiʻi is currently very unsustainable, surviving only seven days, in the hypothetical event of Matson containers halting their supply of resources.
“Maintaining relationships to the land is at the heart of Indigenous peoplesʻ struggle, and it is a struggle that benefits all who rely on water and land to live.”-Mishuana Goeman
Below are Bullet Points to:
Transformational Justice combatting extractive tourism A.K.A
Required Cultural CONSCIOUSNESS
Maui is closed donate here:
-https://www.honolulumagazine.com/maui-wildfires-support-from-oahu/
Research:
-Hawaii Homes 1920 commision Act “Blood Quantum”
-Kapu Aloha
Read:
-How to steal a Kingdom
-From a Native Daughter
-Detours:A Decolonial Guide to Hawai'i by Hokulani K. Aikau
Kanaka Māoli Business Lists
-https://www.savehealthrive.com/
-https://www.kaainamomona.org/
-https://kawaiola.news/hookahuawaiwai/kakoo-oihana-oiwi-supporting-native-hawaiian-owned-businesses/
Respect restricted access to sacred cultural sites if you see KAPU= Stay Out
Do not hike off trail because of erosion which suffocates and slowly kills the coral, (plants non-native to Hawaii cause erosion and suck up all the water instead of feeding the aquifer)
Protected endangered plants and animals by learning what they look like
Research which plants are invasive alien species so you can identify and stop the spread by killing the roots and making sure their seeds donʻt travel.
Be aware of Tourisms indoctrinations of “Hawaiian culture” as the doormat service native which is a harmful and dehumanizing trope
Understand the political demands of Kanaka Māoli, what the Independence for the Hawaiian Nation means to the lāhui (Hawaiian collective group)
Be conscious of where you put/bring your Aloha (love)? To a bar? To an already crowded beach/surf spot?
Aloha ʻaina; Funnel your time/money to the ʻaina (land) and Kiaʻi (protectors/guardians) of Hawaii. Use your time to volunteer your time to help the rampant pollution from industrial and individual pollution. Clear a stream, pick up trash if you see it.
Research if your Tour companies are owned by foreigners and hold these companies accountable in their policies protecting Hawaiiʻs natural resources and sacred sites for Hawaiʻiʻs future generation.
Participate in the revitalization of Kanaka Māoli cultural practices, such as loʻi farming, Heiʻa (fishponds), weaving, Hula (Dancing) and supporting Kanaka Māoli cultural practitioners.
Revive Kanaka Māoli practices: asking for permission before entering a space through ʻoli (chant) and receiving welcoming ʻoli, bringing a gift over when you visit a house.
Take off your shoes if you go in someoneʻs Hale (house)
PLEASE WEAR REEF SAFE SUNSCREEN
Donʻt do life threatening stunts, hospital space is VERY limited already
Just take the Bus. Parking and traffic is too much!
Go when school is IN session to not take as much space.
Travel Hawaiian Airlines, which provides the most culturally competent experience with an introduction video in ʻŌlelo Hawaii as well as English, magazines with local businesses, and local snacks.
There is no way to travel to Hawaii without causing ecological harm so PLEASE: Engage in Harm Reduction for Hawaiʻiʻs precious natural resources to have a fighting chance to regenerate.
Tour
ʻIolani palace
Honolulu Academy of Art
Eco-tourism @protectandoreservehawaii
Stay informed on current events relative to Kānaka Māoli @kawaiolanewshttps://kawaiola.news/hookahuawaiwai/north-shore-ecotours-promoting-aloha-aina-and-ike-hawaii/
Do Not Support sea Life park
INSTEAD Do this = https://h-mar.org/get-involved/
Support this Hawai'i Marine Animal Response (HMAR) is the largest Hawai'i-based nonprofit marine species conservation and response organization. They have a reporting and help line if you see a Hawaiian Sea Monk in danger or being harrassed.
Continue to explore how to recognize the indigenous land you take space on and how to be apart of the lands rematriation.
Critical Self-Reflection
Tourism supplies 6 billion dollars a year of revenue in Hawaii (Sharma, 228). The universally resourced book From a Native Daughter written by the late beloved Hawaiian Scholar and activist Haunani Kay Trask used the metaphor of Hawaii being a beautiful Sex Worker that is being pimped out by the Board of Tourism Authority, tourists being the Johns. In this analogy Hawaii and her “gracious talents” is experiencing extreme burnout, and is forced to accompany more people than she physically has the capacity to provide for (Trask,1999)....Trask is the first Hawaiian Professor to achieve tenure in Hawaii. (Sharma, 270).
Consider your ancestors' relationship to diasporic migration, colonialism, settler colonialism, and imperialist traditions. What is your positionality when you visit Hawaii? Hold intentional space for showing up in that humility. As you reflect on the ethnographic and social blueprint the history of Hawaiʻi maps out, consider your humanity and response to imperialism. Decolonize as a group and ask your communities' interaction with Hawaiʻi where do you stand in the systems of power? Then what behaviors can be addressed to stop harmful behavior, enabling social change by collective intervention. Take this opportunity to listen to Kanaka Māoli and makaʻāinana (people of the land) being pono (righteous) in forwarding Hawaiian cultural regeneration and healing transformational justice. Educate yourselves on how to put your kino (body) on the line and volunteer to help restore the land and/or donate to the Hawaiian community. Share this blog to help inform not only your relationship to yourself but others' relationality to Hawaiʻi. Be accountable for your trip's impact on the Kanaka Māoli community. Lastly, I ask you to onipaʻa, to stand firm, to be steadfast, in acknowledging your Kuleana (privilege & responsibilities). The same grace of respect you shoulder your Kuleana for Hawaiʻi will determine your relationship to her.
Sources
To Steal a Kingdom: Probing Hawaiian History Paperback – January 1, 2000
by Michael Dougherty (Author)
https://www.statista.com/chart/27805/indigenous-communities-protect-biodiversity/
A Decolonial Guide to Hawai'i by Hōkūlani K. Sinai and Vernadette Vicuña Gonzalez.
Native Hawaiian Forest Birds Fight For Survival
By Lisa Eller -
June 1, 2023
https://kawaiola.news/cover/native-hawaiian-forest-birds-fight-for-survival/
https://kawaiola.news/pokenuhou/news-briefs-june-2023/
A climate change canary t in the cole mine By Communications and Publishing May 25, 2022 https://www.usgs.gov/news/featured-story/a-climate-change-canary-coal-mine-endangered-hawaiian-honeycreepers
https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/2/18/it-is-time-to-end-extractive-tourism
As Inferno Grew, Lahaina’s Water System Collapsed
By Mike Baker, Kellen Browning and Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs
Reporting from Lahaina, Hawaii, and New York
Aug. 13, 2023
https://www.latimes.com/projects/marshall-islands-nuclear-testing-sea-level-rise/ (2019) By SUSANNE RUST
CLEAR Guide to Hawaiʻi Labor History by William J. Puette (Kapolei: University of Hawai‘i - West Oʻahu, Center for Labor Education & Research, 2018).
https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/18/us/hawaii-tourism-impact-united-shades-cec/index.html
Charles R. III Lawrence, Local Kine Implicit Bias: Unconscious Racism Revisited (Yet Again), 37 U. Haw. L. Rev. 457 (2015).
https://www.commonlit.org/en/texts/the-1897-petition-against-the-annexation-of-hawaii
From a Native Daughter-Haunan Kay Trask
John P. Rosa. LOCAL STORY: THE MASSIE-KAHAHAWAI CASE AND THE CULTURE OF HISTORY.2014. University of Hawaii Press
“ Planning for Sustainable Tourism in Hawai`i Hawai`i State Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism” John M. Knox & Associates, Inc. 2003,https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/visitor/sustainable-tourism-project/drafts/General-Pop-Socio-Cultural-Report.pdf
“United States Census Bureau.” U.S Census Bureau QuickFacts, 2022, www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/HI/RHI525222#RHI525222.
Trask, Haunani-Kay. From a Native Daughter : Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaiʻi. Honolulu :University of Hawaiʻi Press, 1999.
Kēhaulani Kauanui, J.PARADOXES OF HAWAIIAN SOVEREIGNTY:Land, Sex, and the Colonial Politics of State Nationalism. Duke University Press, 2018.
Schamel, Wynell and Charles E. Schamel. "The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii." Social Education 63, 7 (November/December 1999): 402-408.
https://aviation.hawaii.gov/airfields-airports/ceded-lands/.2023
Hawaii National Alliance to End Homelessness:
JANIS MAGIN MEIERDIERCKShttps://www.hawaiibusiness.com/one-in-seven-hawaii-homes-vacant-report-real-estate-properties/ ,2022
Josh Green. https://joshgreenforhawaii.com/an-emergency-plan-for-hawaiis-housing-crisis/. 2023
Mar 22
Written By Ashley Nagaoka
Copyright © 2023 Hawaiʻi Appleseed Center for Law & Economic Justice. All rights reserved.
State formally apologizes for banning Hawaiian language in schools for 90 yearsHawaii Public Radio | By Kuʻuwehi Hiraishi Published April 28, 2022 at 11:14 AM HST
